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St. Augustine and the Cynics

by Sarah Wilson April 30, 2010

Some years ago I was a teaching assistant for a course on St. Augustine’s Confessions, one of my favorite books. It turned out to be one of the most discouraging experiences of my life. The fault was not Augustine’s, and in some way not even the students’, but the horrible sham of an education that the students had acquired somewhere in their past...

Some years ago I was a teaching assistant for a course on St. Augustine’s Confessions, one of my favorite books. It turned out to be one of the most discouraging experiences of my life. The fault was not Augustine’s, and in some way not even the students’, but the horrible sham of an education that the students had acquired somewhere in their past.

What masqueraded as “critical thinking” was in fact the cheapest and dumbest form of deconstructionism imaginable. Its underlying principle seemed to be: “Whatever sincerely-held, deeply thought-out ideals you may have, I can pierce and deflate in an instant with my nasty-minded reductions, pieced together from a shallow acquaintance with Nietzsche, Marx, and Freud, without anything like adequate evidence, because suspicion always trumps fact.”

Here are some gems from that class. After reading the story of the pear tree, wherein Augustine exposes the terrible human love of transgression for its own sake, a bright-and-shiny, sure-to-be-moderator-of-the-General-Assembly-someday young man flung out his hands in perplexity at the whole thing. “But they weren’t even good pears,” he said. Since the proper owners couldn’t benefit from them, there was no real harm done in the theft. That was the sum total of his reflection on the account. I imagine Calvin was rolling in his grave at this paragon of his theological progeny. Other students judged that Augustine exaggerated the story sheerly to enhance his own present standing as a bishop, showing off his prodigious conscience in his early years. The notion that age might confer greater wisdom and insight into one’s own past, or that conversion to the gospel might make grave what a pagan can take lightly, was never suggested.

Then we got to the death of Augustine’s beloved friend. I invited comments, and the first one was: “I can only infer that Augustine was gay.” This view was generally adopted by the class. The agonized confession of Augustine’s uncontrollable promiscuity with females was deemed insufficient to override this view, until, after entirely too long a discussion in this vein, one woman suddenly said: “You know, none of us think it’s possible for two men to be good friends without it being sexual. I have a lot of dear female friends, but I don’t know any men with dear male friends.” It was the first time in the course—a number of weeks into it—that it ever occurred to anyone to let Augustine judge the present instead of the other way around. It was also perhaps the only time this actually happened. (Incidentally, please note my grievance at this episode was not the supposed tarnishing of Augustine’s halo with the suggestion that he was homosexual, but the flat inability to read a text for what it means to say, preferring instead a shallow interpretation projected onto it.)

It would be tedious to recount all the other tone-deaf misreadings that ensued over the course of the semester—and, I should add, by otherwise smart and well-meaning students. On the final day, I invited the students to share what they had gained from reading the Confessions. (Surely an act of evangelical hope if ever there was one.) One student dismissed him with this sentence: “I can’t trust Augustine because he was in bed with the state.” Again, that was it; one of the great Latin fathers, for that matter one of the cornerstones of Western civilization, got tossed out in service of some inane and inarticulate notion of political purity.

Poor students. Somewhere along the line they were massively betrayed by the elders who saw fit to bestow this educational system upon them. I would like to think that, if they were pursuing careers in the church at all, they did, deep down, desire something better than this half-baked parody of critical thought. But without something like an intellectual conversion—and heaven only knows if any opportunity for that will present itself in the rest of their lives—they’ll have little choice but to betray, in turn, the noble tradition of well-educated, well-read, thoughtful clergy whose task was to be curators of the vast accumulated wisdom of the church. With reasoning skills this poor, such students will certainly not be ideal representatives of modern progress (when it really is progress) either. It is hard to imagine how, in such circumstances, the pulpit can ever be anything but a soapbox for the pastor’s pet causes, for ultimately the inability to read will demote the word of God to just another one of the competing voices in the marketplace.

Good Summary

Posted by David Charlton at April 30, 2010 08:18
Thank you Pastor Wilson. This is a good summary of the intellectual climate of the Lutheran college and seminary that I attended. There were several welcome exceptions. When I attended Lenoir-Rhyne College in the 1980's there was a certain philosophy professor who helped me begin my recovery from the kind of deconstructionism you describe.

Augustine

Posted by R. Saler at April 30, 2010 09:45
The best course I ever had on Augustine was one in which the professor lectured nonstop on the text for at least five straight weeks before ever asking us, the students, what we "thought" of the text. The final exam was composed solely of essays asking us to recall and synthesize Augustinian themes - with no room for our own editorializing.
I'm all for pedagogy that fosters discussion, but when dealing with thought-worlds as complex as Augustine's, sometimes a more "one-way" stream of communication is appropriate.

P.S.

Posted by R. Saler at April 30, 2010 11:08
Also, say what you want about the philosophy of Derrida (one of the godfathers of deconstruction), but it is certainly the case that the core of his method was close, attentive textual reading. The book that largely introduced "deconstruction" into the American lexicon, Of Grammatology, has at its core an exceptionally close reading of Rosseau's Confessions.
So, one cannot shirk careful reading of primary texts (like Augustine) while claiming "deconstruction" as legitimation for such laziness - at least, one cannot do so with any intellectual seriousness.

Seems to Read Quite Well

Posted by Tim Fisher at April 30, 2010 11:50
Just a few weeks ago, I heard a sermon from a young pastoral intern who will (very likely) be graduating from Luther Seminary in St. Paul. In the sermon, the intern revealed a deep and broad understanding of Augustine's work on ethics. There was nothing of the intellectual silliness that you experienced, Sarah. I count this as reassuring and I presume you would, too. I also count it as reassuring that this same intern is supportive of the decisions of the 2009 Churchwide Assembly regarding sexuality and ministry policies.

positive deconstruction

Posted by pastor bryan anderson at April 30, 2010 22:36
pastor fisher, you are in bed with the elca...how can you render any unbiased comment. now thats positive deconstruction!

maybe they're just testing you

Posted by Peter at May 01, 2010 00:23
From the quotes you give, especially if it's in the context of discussion, it sounds more like they're just testing you and/or the Confessions to see how well they hold up. If you can't make a compelling case that Augustine's affiliation with the state does not preclude trusting him (or even turn it around on them and require a paper examining Augustine's relationship to the state and what influences, if any that had on his theology), why should they care about him? If Augustine can't withstand the superficial attacks, how will he survive the deeper ones/what relevance does he have today? Presumably if the early church fathers are the keepers of the collected church wisdom, there should be some weight there that can fend off simple attacks (and what happened to the traditional dismissal of inconvenient views Augustine held as vestiges of his Manicheism?)

And if that's all they have to say after the course, there's a failure on the instructional end to penetrate the easy shield of deconstructionism anyone can hoist these days. I worry that Augustine and the Confessions are taught for their own sake, instead of for the sake of proclaiming the Gospel here in the 21st century. Once that power is demonstrated, Augustine and his Confessions will be learned for their own sake.


Yes and No

Posted by Mark Thomas Peterson at May 02, 2010 10:30
Sarah, I think that I met you a couple years ago at a project connect gathering at Southern Seminary. I believe that we both spent time teaching in Slovakia.

I tend to agree that our attempts at deconstruction, whether it is from higher-ed classes or the hours spent in lay-led bible studies wondering whether Jesus did this or that as a boy/teen, are just stupid hypotheticals that are a waste of time in serious academic study and debate.

On the other hand, this type of questioning at least shows some interest that can be used to help form all of us in the art of logic, rhetoric, theology, philosophy, etc. so that the study of Augustine can actually be useful.

That being said, there are educaters out there who do a lousy job of demanding the rigor required to make sense of anything but the most obvious of thought. Thus, when students attempt to understand at a higher level, they rely on there own curiousities and biases to try and make sense of things.

Apart from poor teachers, which in my experience is a small minority, is the larger structure of our education system that has become a factory system of churning out folks with a certain level of knowledge, rather then helping students acquire tools that will be useful in having a greater understanding of the world around us. All one needs to do is look at the continued emphasis on Math/Science, which are very important, and practical coursework at the EXPENSE of education in the Humanities and one can see the course we are on, a course where the greatest skill we teach young people is how to be apathetic.

The fact that these students were interested in Augustine and actually had some sort of opinion at all is encouraging to me. As a former high-school teacher, and college TA, the biggest concern over issues I taught was whether or no something would be on a test. Part of my objective as Social Studies Teacher was in-fact to try and facilitated a de-construction of history and the world around us so that greater themes and patterns could be exposed rather then simply people, places, and things. In a class of 36 students that had a thousand other things going on in their lives, this was not done to perfection, but I at least hoped to open the door.

I will do the same in the future with confirmation students and others who I may teach in the parish. The Ten Commandments meant a lot more to me when I was helped to de-construct the old, simplistic and legalistic viewpoint I had of them and was better able to place them in the story of God and God's people.

There will always be debate over how much we look critically at faith, both past and present and how much we de-construct our present teachings and practices. I'm just thankful that there are at least some people out there who have been blessed with the gift of actually being able to care about things.

Peace.

The easy way

Posted by Gregory at May 04, 2010 18:24
I too am an educator, and I see first hand every day the twin demons of cultural illiteracy and intellectual laziness. Reading theory teaches that the meaning we get from a text stems from what we bring to it. Far too many students bring very little prior knowledge (depth or breadth) to their reading, and are left to draw conclusions, if they can be bothered to think that long, from their own extremely limited experience.

Sadly, the 'bell curve' exists for a reason. The vast majority reside in the mediocre middle.

Slight

Posted by Kurt at May 06, 2010 14:34
"Sure-to-be-moderator of the General Assembly someday."

That's not reconciling language. Perhaps reconciliation is not the goal.

Augustine

Posted by Chris Born at May 07, 2010 11:42
Thank you for sharing classroom "confession" moment with us!

I treasure my own undergrad classroom experience with Augustine's "Confessions." The course was on confessional literature, led by Paul Contino, in Christ College, at Valpo. (Contino is an expert on Dostoevsky and Dante, now at Pepperdine) We examined Augustine first, then Dante's entire "Divine Comedy."

I resonated with Augustine, but, coming at Dante from a fiercely modernist, Lutheran background, I had a hard time at first, trying to understand the context of Dante and his theological world. But now, I treasure those classroom moments. Contino modeled for me what a lit prof should be; he was patient with my crankiness and encouraging the path of discovery.

I learned that I must be careful to keep from lumping postmodernism in with what I would call acute "lazy modernism". For me, lazy modernism is axiomatic and allows for these foolish statements that students are prone to. Lazy modernism allowed me to criticize Dante for not being an "enlightened" Lutheran and bash the medieval Italian view of the world! Lazy modernism is also at the heart of anti-biblical thinking (Atheism is the highest form of modernism, don't you think?) and such ideas as "You can't be both male and have an intense phileo love for a friend." (Hence the addition of the marriage scene at the end of Lord of the Rings) I think a dose of contextualization after careful deconstruction can help ameliorate the scoffing mentality of the so-called critical thinking.

Or, when all else fails, we can just "pick up the book and read;" again and again.

Thanks again for the great post.

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